Elements Of S 400 System At A Glance

Structure of S400 System:

S 400 has been designed by Russian Almaz-Antey Central Design Bureau to track , detect and shoot down aerodynamic targets like low observable fighter jet , stealth fighter jet ,UAV and ballistic missiles . The detection system consists of one 91N6E surveillance radar, up to six 98ZH6E units of each of 92N6E engagement system and twelve radars. The 91N6E and 92N6E are radars of higher power and provides longer ranges against stealthy targets. The missile launchers can launch missiles like 48N6E,48N6E2,48N6E3,9M96E, 9M96E2 and 40N6E.

Control Post 30K6E :

30K6E is the control post which obtains targets from radar systems like 91N6E, 96L6E, Protivnik-GE and Gamma-GE. Foreign systems can also get integrated with the system. Protivnik-GE and Gamma-GE are stealth detectors. Anti-stealth sub-systems Protivnik-GE and Gamma-GE have a detection capacity of 0.1 meter square for upto 240 Kilometers. The control system 30K6E can be used to integrate other systems like S300, Tor-M1 and Panstir-S1, nearby 30K6E systems, command posts for Russian fighter aircrafts, Nebo-M system and more. One battalion of S400 has seven to eight launchers with 32 missiles. One 30K6E administration system is capable of managing eight battalions.


Nebo-M System:

Nebo-M system is a part of 30K6E which works with X,L and UHF band radars. It is specifically designed to hunt J-35 Joint Strike Fighter. Component using VHF band provides sector search and track functions with the X band and L band components providing finer tracking capability. Accurate placement of the radar in relation to the threat axis illuminates the target from angles which reflects suboptimal RCS. This system is highly resistant to jamming due to passive angle track capability against jammers which enables zeroing on the jamming source passively using three angle tracking outputs. It is capable of highly accurate tracking for midcourse guidance for modern SAM and full trajectory guidance of legacy SAM of Russian origin.

Radar system 91N6E:

This system has a targeting range of 230 kilometers for RCS of 0.4 square meter and speed of 4800m/s, range of 390 kilometers for RCS of 4 meter square and 570 kilometers for strategic bombers type targets.

Radar 96L6E:

This is high altitude detector system. It can detect targets at an altitude of 100 kilometers. The 96L6E2 which is the export version has capability to track 100 targets. This system is resistant to false return or clutter. It also detects low level targets with radar sector review. It can omnidirectionally detect all aircraft types, including low observable ones like FA 18 and is capable of performing functions of a command post for S300 as well as S500 (future SAM of Russia). It uses a special tower 966AA14 for detecting cruise missile and stealth fighter jets.



Missiles Of S400 System At A Glance:



40N6E:

It is a anti-AWACS, refueling aerial tanker destroyer, and anti-EW aircraft missile designed to engage low maneuverable targets at a range of 400 kilometers at optimum altitude of 185 kilometers. It has both active and semi-active radar seeker. 



48N6E2:

It is a missile used to take down aircraft, cruise missile, UAV, ballistic missiles and intercontinental ballistic missiles. It has the capability to engage ICBM traveling at the speed of 2800 meters per second. It has a range of 200 Kilometers. It is capable of performing in an environment of electronic warfare and is highly maneuverable with capability of attaining speed of 2000 meters per second. This missile has a fragmentation warhead of 180 kilograms with proximity fuse.

48N6E3:

This missile has characteristics of 48N6E2 with an extended range of 250 kilometers and is capable of hitting a target having velocity of 4800 meters per second .




9M96E And 9M96E2:

This is an advanced surface to air missile with thrust vectoring capacity capable of engaging targets in severe jamming environment with unprecedented effectiveness. It is capable of engaging the target traveling at a speed of mach 15 at maximum altitude of 35 kilometers and a minimum altitude of five meters. It has active radar homing head and is capable of receiving target updates from ground radars of S400 and an inertial navigation system for midcourse guidance. 9M96E has a range of 40 kilometers with an altitude of 20 kilometers while 9M96E2 has a range of 120 kilometers at an altitude of 30 Kilometers traveling at nearly 1000 meters per second. It has 24 kg blast fragmentation warhead and utilizes a radiofrequency fuse. A missile of this series had been noted to hit a target at an altitude of 56 kilometers which was beyond the expected range of altitude of the missile.





Summing Up The Capability Of S400 At A Glance



S400 systems is capable of engaging targets traveling at a speed of 4800 meters per second or mach 14. Its radars have a detection range of 600 kilometers with a maximum range of engaging aerodynamic targets at 400 kilometers and minimum range of two kilometers. It can engage targets at a maximum altitude of 56 kilometers and minimum of five meters. It has the capacity of hitting flying targets having tactical warheads at a maximum range of 60 kilometers and minimum of five kilometers with a combination of missiles launched from S400 system which are capable of engaging targets in their terminal phase. It can simultaneously engage a minimum of 36 targets and a maximum of number of 80 targets.

Such a range of missiles is perceived to be capable of hitting bombers bombers like B-1, electronic warfare planes such as FA 18 Growler, All types of AWACS, fighter jets such as F15,F16,F35 and F22 raptor, strategic cruise missiles and ballistic missiles with the range of 3500 kilometers. Carriers that come with S 400 have a road speed of 60 kilometers per hour, off road speed of 25 kilometers per hour.




Morpheus Defence System:

It is has been developed as a short-range SAM to protect S400 from various threats at their terminal phases. The missile system consists of omnidirectional 29YA6 radar, IR sensors , and 36 missiles. The missiles have a range of 5 kilometers and an altitude of 3500 meters. Morpheus is developed to shield military sites as well. The system is equipped with radars in he category of all-aspect radar dome as well as launchers for anti-aircraft missiles. The system is still evolving.

An inference On Coverage Of S400 Systems Along The Concept Of A Two Front War:



It seems that the current order of five S 400 systems may have been considered for most vulnerable areas at the borders of China and Pakistan as perceived by Indian defence experts. Back in November 2015 it got reported that India was buying twelve S400 systems and hence same was mentioned in my article at http://idrw.org/an-analysis-on-possible-complete-and-comprehensive-umbrella-of-protection-by-a-missile-defence-system-like-s400-safeguarding-indias-sovereignty/. Considering the engagement range of the missile 40N6E of 400 kilometers a comprehensive coverage providing a protective umbrella all along the border with Pakistan and China the number should not be less than thirteen systems of S400 with five at the length of the border with Pakistan which runs along the borders of J&K, Rajasthan, Punjab and Gujarat , and another string of eight S400 systems along the border with China which runs along the borders of J&K, Himachal Pradesh,Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh taking into consideration missile attack by China across the airspace of Nepal and Bhutan. Further taking into account the redundancy required during war owing to cannibalization of the systems further five S400 systems (two for the Western borders with Pakistan and three for borders along with China) can be a necessary acquisition.




Although this estimation of umbrella of coverage by S400 has been made based on the radius of coverage of 400 Kilometers by the missile 40N6E along the aforesaid borders of India , a closer look into other the types of missiles fired from the S400 systems notably the 48N6E3 and 9M96E2 missiles seem to be suited to the threat perception of mitigating ballistic and cruise missiles in their terminal phase . Certain missiles in S400 system should merit acquisition in greater numbers making way for the opportunity of a single S400 system along with its missile launchers to provide a layered defence thereby enabling it to work with highest efficiency. Hopefully defence experts maintaining synergy with Ministry Of Defence of India will do justice in acquisition of the types of missiles according to their threat perception and in the process do justice to the number of S400 systems acquired .



Conclusion:

In the scenario of the possibility of a two front war Indian deterrence against ballistic & cruise missiles and stealth aircraft from both China and Pakistan should get mitigated very well. The acquisition of S400 system is master stroke by Ministry of Defence of India.

An Analysis On Possible Complete And Comprehensive Umbrella Of Protection By A Missile Defence System Like S400 Safeguarding India's Sovereignty

With Indian Govt. opting for S400 missile defence system (MDS) for securing the borders of India it is a welcome decision. A decision that should have been put into effect a lot earlier. It is heartening to see defence planners thinking on a comprehensive strategy to counter the possible threats perceived by the Indian defence advisors & organization. The thinking behind the induction of MDS S400 is a part of that strategy which emphasises on countering possible threats in the form of destructive missiles & invading fighter aircrafts emanating from across the border of India with the perception of two front war percieved by our defence analysts and defence wings. The decision making and the initiative that of the Indian Govt. in this regard is quite appreciable.

Why only S400 of Russia for Indian borders?

S400 has the farthest range of performance envelope and is most efficient and dared missile defence system amongst the prevalent ballistic missile defence shields. Russia historically have provided India with defence equipment of crucial capabilities bolstering her deterrence capabilities. Hence Russian S400 system becomes a natural choice.


Determining number of MDS required to protect the Indian borders.

When one considers the number of S400 systems(12 systems) decided to be implemented it seems
that the military planners have either thought of deterring threats at few sections of the length of the country's border or the induction of more MDS like the S400 throughout the country shall be a gradual process thereby covering greater lengths of country's border. Number of MDS like S400 that may be required to defend the aforesaid threat perception can be reached through an analysis which is as follows:

Flying distance across the length and breath of India stands at 2755 Kms (approx., but can be more) from Kashmir to Kanya Kumari and 2151 Kms from Gandhi Nagar to Itanagar ( length is incomplete, a correct estimate of
the distance from extreme west to the north eastern tip of Arunachal Pradeshand will be more) respectively. Taking into account the whole of India's borders we can divide it into 7 sections. From Kanya Kumari up till the northern tip of Sikkim, from Kanya Kumari till extreme west of Rajasthan ,from The northern tip of Sikkim till J & K (excluding POK), from extreme west of Rajasthan till J&K (excluding POK), the eastern region from northern tip of Sikkim till Arunachal Pradesh , Andaman & Nicobar islands and Lakshyadeep.


Taking into consideration the curvatures of the landscape with 30% redundancy into account for comprehensive coverage ensuring overlapping domains of coverage and the demand of extreme quick reaction from the nearest MDS ( quick reaction required due to the curvatures of borders ) having probability of quickest interseption would require approximately 68 MDS of S400 with the overlapping domains. The overlapped domains of coverage having at least 100 Kms as common coverage area between 2 MDS should be another criteria for calculations to determine the number of required MDS.

From Kanya Kumari up till the northern tip of Sikkim and extreme west of Rajasthan 7 + 30% redundancy = 7 + 3 (2.1 rounded up to 3)=10 MDS, so 10 x 2=20 units of S400 should be required (each side with 10 S400s).

From The northern tip of Sikkim till J & K (excluding POK) and from extreme West of Rajasthan till J&K 5 + 30% redundancy = 5 + 2  (1.2 rounded up to 2) =7 DM,so 7 x 2=14 (each side with 7 S400) S400 will be required.

Likewise from Northern most tip of Sikkim till Southern most tip of Mizoram the requirement should be 2 + 30% redundancy = 2 +1 =3 MDS.

Likewise from southern most tip of Mizoram till extreme south east of Arunachal Pradesh the requirement should be 2 +1 =3 MDS.  Across the extreme south east to north of Arunachal Pradesh the requiement should be 1 +1 =2 MDS. From Extreme North of Arunachal Pradesh till Extreme West of Arunachal Pradesh the requiement should be 1+1 =2 MDS. From thereon till Northern tip of Sikkim the requiement should  be 2 + 30% redundancy = 2+1=3 MDS. Actually military planners should keep provision for 4 more MDS in this eastern region from Northern tip of Sikkim till Arunachal Pradesh taking into account the acuteness of the curvatures of the landscape and obstacles. Since Myanmar and Bangladesh does not feature in serious threat perceptions so a total of strategically placed 13 MDS according to percieved threat should suffice.

Likewise, Andaman and Nicobar islands merit 3 S400 systems i.e. 2+1 MDS. and Lakshyadeep 2 MDS i.e. 1+1 .

All the assumptions are made on the basis of the coverage of the longest reaching missile 40N6 of S 400 system with performance range of 400 Kms.

In addition to the conclusive numbers of MDS to be implemented 9 (5 for bordrs with Pakistan + 4 for the Eastern region including Sikkim till Arunachal Pradesh) more MDS should be in reserve for unforeseen contingencies keeping in mind the POK region and other sensitive regions along China & Pakistan borders, and, another 7 for cannibalizing during war.

Army/Air force will have to ensure to protect the MDS from threats emanating from inside the country. Such systems along with the calculated redundancies have to be placed in active mode all along the designated section of the border. MDS in reserve should be placed or moved according to evolving threat perceptions and percieved locations of usage. Missiles of such systems have to be available in sufficient numbers per system for quick installation after a launch. Follow on replacements against the initial reserve of such missiles systems would be required keeping in mind their shelf life. Like every system has its own maintenance cycle the MDS won't be an exception. But all in all it will be a very potent inclusion in the inventory of the army/air force making it extremely capable of meeting arial threats from outside the borders of India.


Apart from acquiring missile defence systems like S400 by means of import India should try to develop her own missile defence system to avoid dependence on foreign made defence equipment. But Indian defence industry seems to be deficient of that technological knowhow. Since Russia is the traditional partner providing top notch defence equipment and India is not looking towards US missile defence system like THAAD it may be a potent proposal for India to put forward to Russia in a Govt. to Govt. dialog to make S400 in India for induction into Indian defence. In that way the full umbrella of missile defence system can be achieved without importing all the S 400 systems to India.

The S400 System At A Glance

Structure of S400 System:

S 400 has been designed by Russian Almaz-Antey Central Design Bureau to track , detect and shoot down aerodynamic targets like low observable fighter jet , stealth fighter jet ,UAV and ballistic missiles . The detection system consists of one 91N6E surveillance radar, up to six 98ZH6E units of each of 92N6E engagement system and twelve radars. The 91N6E and 92N6E are radars of higher power and provides longer ranges against stealthy targets. The missile launchers can launch missiles like 48N6E,48N6E2,48N6E3,9M96E, 9M96E2 and 40N6E.

Control Post 30K6E :

30K6E is the control post which obtains targets from radar systems like 91N6E, 96L6E, Protivnik-GE and Gamma-GE. Foreign systems can also get integrated with the system. Protivnik-GE and Gamma-GE are stealth detectors. Anti-stealth sub-systems Protivnik-GE and Gamma-GE have a detection capacity of 0.1 meter square for upto 240 Kilometers. The control system 30K6E can be used to integrate other systems like S300, Tor-M1 and Panstir-S1, nearby 30K6E systems, command posts for Russian fighter aircrafts, Nebo-M system and more. One battalion of S400 has seven to eight launchers with 32 missiles. One 30K6E administration system is capable of managing eight battalions.


Nebo-M System:

Nebo-M system is a part of 30K6E which works with X,L and UHF band radars. It is specifically designed to hunt J-35 Joint Strike Fighter. Component using VHF band provides sector search and track functions with the X band and L band components providing finer tracking capability. Accurate placement of the radar in relation to the threat axis illuminates the target from angles which reflects suboptimal RCS. This system is highly resistant to jamming due to passive angle track capability against jammers which enables zeroing on the jamming source passively using three angle tracking outputs. It is capable of highly accurate tracking for midcourse guidance for modern SAM and full trajectory guidance of legacy SAM of Russian origin.

Radar system 91N6E:

This system has a targeting range of 230 kilometers for RCS of 0.4 square meter and speed of 4800m/s, range of 390 kilometers for RCS of 4 meter square and 570 kilometers for strategic bombers type targets.

Radar 96L6E:

This is high altitude detector system. It can detect targets at an altitude of 100 kilometers. The 96L6E2 which is the export version has capability to track 100 targets. This system is resistant to false return or clutter. It also detects low level targets with radar sector review. It can omnidirectionally detect all aircraft types, including low observable ones like FA 18 and is capable of performing functions of a command post for S300 as well as S500 (future SAM of Russia). It uses a special tower 966AA14 for detecting cruise missile and stealth fighter jets.

Missiles Of S400 System At A Glance:

40N6E:

It is a anti-AWACS, refueling aerial tanker destroyer, and anti-EW aircraft missile designed to engage low maneuverable targets at a range of 400 kilometers at optimum altitude of 185 kilometers. It has both active and semi-active radar seeker. 

48N6E2:

It is a missile used to take down aircraft, cruise missile, UAV, ballistic missiles and intercontinental ballistic missiles. It has the capability to engage ICBM traveling at the speed of 2800 meters per second. It has a range of 200 Kilometers. It is capable of performing in an environment of electronic warfare and is highly maneuverable with capability of attaining speed of 2000 meters per second. This missile has a fragmentation warhead of 180 kilograms with proximity fuse.

48N6E3:

This missile has characteristics of 48N6E2 with an extended range of 250 kilometers and is capable of hitting a target having velocity of 4800 meters per second .


9M96E And 9M96E2:

This is an advanced surface to air missile with thrust vectoring capacity capable of engaging targets in severe jamming environment with unprecedented effectiveness. It is capable of engaging the target traveling at a speed of mach 15 at maximum altitude of 35 kilometers and a minimum altitude of five meters. It has active radar homing head and is capable of receiving target updates from ground radars of S400 and an inertial navigation system for midcourse guidance. 9M96E has a range of 40 kilometers with an altitude of 20 kilometers while 9M96E2 has a range of 120 kilometers at an altitude of 30 Kilometers traveling at nearly 1000 meters per second. It has 24 kg blast fragmentation warhead and utilizes a radiofrequency fuse. A missile of this series had been noted to hit a target at an altitude of 56 kilometers which was beyond the expected range of altitude of the missile.



Summing Up The Capability Of S400 At A Glance

S400 systems is capable of engaging targets traveling at a speed of 4800 meters per second or mach 14. Its radars have a detection range of 600 kilometers with a maximum range of engaging aerodynamic targets at 400 kilometers and minimum range of two kilometers. It can engage targets at a maximum altitude of 56 kilometers and minimum of five meters. It has the capacity of hitting flying targets having tactical warheads at a maximum range of 60 kilometers and minimum of five kilometers with a combination of missiles launched from S400 system which are capable of engaging targets in their terminal phase. It can simultaneously engage a minimum of 36 targets and a maximum of number of 80 targets.

Such a range of missiles is perceived to be capable of hitting bombers bombers like B-1, electronic warfare planes such as FA 18 Growler, All types of AWACS, fighter jets such as F15,F16,F35 and F22 raptor, strategic cruise missiles and ballistic missiles with the range of 3500 kilometers. Carriers that come with S 400 have a road speed of 60 kilometers per hour, off road speed of 25 kilometers per hour.


Morpheus Defence System:

It is has been developed as a short-range SAM to protect S400 from various threats at their terminal phases. The missile system consists of omnidirectional 29YA6 radar, IR sensors , and 36 missiles. The missiles have a range of 5 Kilometers and an altitude of 3500 meters. Morpheus is developed to shield military sites as well. The system is equipped with radars in he category of all-aspect radar dome as well as launchers for anti-aircraft missiles. The system is still evolving.

An inference On Coverage Of S400 Systems Along The Concept Of A Two Front War:

It seems that the current order of five S 400 systems may have been considered for most vulnerable areas at the borders of China and Pakistan as perceived by Indian defence experts. Considering the engagement range of the missile 40N6E of 400 kilometers a comprehensive coverage providing a protective umbrella all along the border with Pakistan and China the number should not be less than thirteen systems of S400 with five at the length of the border with Pakistan which runs along the borders of J&K, Rajasthan, Punjab and Gujarat , and another string of eight S400 systems along the border with China which runs along the borders of J&K, Himachal Pradesh,Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh taking into consideration missile attack by China across the airspace of Nepal and Bhutan. Further taking into account the redundancy required during war owing to cannibalization of the systems further five S400 systems (two for the Western borders with Pakistan and three for borders along with China) can be a necessary acquisition.


Though this estimation of umbrella of coverage by S400 has been made based on the radius of coverage of 400 Kilometers by the missile 40N6E along the aforesaid borders of India , a closer look into other the types of missiles fired from the S400 systems notably the 48N6E3 and 9M96E2 missiles seem to be suited to the threat perception of mitigating ballistic and cruise missiles in their terminal phase . Certain missiles in S400 system should merit acquisition in greater numbers making way for the opportunity of a single S400 system along with its missile launchers to provide a layered defence thereby enabling it to work with highest efficiency. Hopefully defence experts maintaining synergy with Ministry Of Defence of India will do justice in acquisition of the types of missiles according to their threat perception and in the process do justice to the number of S400 systems acquired .

Conclusion:

In the scenario of the possibility of a two front war Indian deterrence against ballistic & cruise missiles and stealth aircraft from both China and Pakistan should get mitigated very well. The acquisition of S400 system is master stroke by Ministry of Defence of India.


For a estimation of total requirement of a missile defence system like S400 one can visit the webpage
http://www.indiandefensenews.in/2015/10/idn-take-quantifying-number-of-s-400.html

A Glimpse At Few Technologies Of The Envisaged Indo-Russian Fifth Generation Fighter Plane PAK FA T50:

by Debojyoti Kumar

PAK FA T50 is the Russian fifth generation fighter aircraft comes with many unprecedented technological incorporation in comparison with all fighter jets introduced prior to its inception. A few of those technologies are put to light in this brief compilation of technological infusion within PAK FA T50. Development of this is being done by an Indo Russian Joint Venture.

i) Hundred Percent Digital Aircraft:

PAK FA T50 incorporates a smart covering or skin enabling full information support to the pilot. Radio-radar equipment of PAK FA T50 is capable of passive surveillance as well as active radiolocation and electronic warfare tasks. The radar has several operational bands capable of providing 360 degrees of visibility providing all information in the helmet visor and cabin displays. All these systems being digital gives the pilot maximum comfort and handling. 


ii) Okhotnik Video Image Processing System:

PAK FA T50 will feature an upgraded Okhotnik which provides video image stabilization, auto detecting and auto tracking capabilities. The system includes TV and thermal image sensors , displays, remote controls, and laser ranging device. It is presumed that this system will enhance PAK FA T50's target acquisition range enormously under conditions of limited visibility. This system acquires target, conducts preliminary target allocation and implement pilot's decision . Upon receiving the final command from pilot the system uses the suitable weapons .

iii) Inertial Navigation System: 

BINS-SP2M inertial navigation system developed by KRET autonomously processes navigation and flight information. It also determines position and motion parameters in the absence of satellite navigation. It can integrate with Russia's space based navigation system GLONASS.

iv) Futuristic Photonic Radar: 

Radio-Optical Phased Arrays (ROFAR) radar is a ultra-wideband radar capable of representing a TV picture of the objects under the radar coverage. This radar enables a decrease in weight by fifty as compared to the previous Russian made radars with a tenfold increase in resolution capacity. This radaris estimated to have a coverage of 400 Kilometers of radius.
Radio-Optical Phased Arrays (ROFAR) radar is a ultra-wideband radar capable of representing a TV picture of the objects under the radar coverage. This radar enables a decrease in weight by fifty as compared to the previous Russian made radars with a tenfold increase in resolution capacity. This radar is estimated to have a coverage of 400 Kilometers of radius.

V) Unprecedented climb rate: 

During the tests climb rate of 384 meters per second was achieved which signifies PAK FA T50's ability to take to the skies and set towards its objective in nearly no time at all.

vi) Improved Vympel R73E missile : 

R73 with its unique targeting and guidance system of passive infrared homing head capable of locking on to target before launch and capability to track and hit targets at high angle off-bore sight angles in an environment of electronic warfare makes it one of the deadliest missile on WVR combat. The transverse control engine within the missile rules out missing the target during final approach trajectory. The upgraded R73E will have operating range greater that 19 miles , improved homing head lock-on greater protection against electronic warfare with increased reliability.

Indian And Japan Alliance In IOR - A Power Balancer Against Expansionist Countries.

Cultural relation between India and Japan dates back 

to sixth century when Buddhism got introduced in 

Japan and  through Buddhism Japanese culture was 

impacted upon by Indian culture. There are many 

parallels in the religious beliefs of India and Japan. 

For example Indian deities Sawaswati, Brahma and 

Yama has parallel representation in Japanese culture 

in the form of Benzaiten, Bonten and  Enma 

respectively. First political contact by Japan was 

through the Portugese colonies in India. Between 

sixteenth and nineteenth centuries Indian seamen 

visited Japan as crew members aboard Portugese and 

British ships. Relations between the two nations had 

progressed since then. Direct political exchange 

between India and Japan began after 1868 when 

Japan set its path ontowards the process of modernization. 

Japan-India Association was founded in 1903. Cultural 

exchanges occurred during the twentieth century in 

1950s and 1960s mainly through the cultural exposure 

of the two civilizations by means of feature films which 

at that time  mainly represented the political and 

economic conditions , psyche ,beliefs and ideologies of 

the society in general. It also enabled creative minds 

of both the countries to come closer and paved way 

for deeper interaction between the population of both 

the countries. Creations of reknown and acclaimed film

personalities like Satyajit Ray and Guru Dutt were 

influential in Japan; similarly creations of 

Akirakurosawa, Yasujiro Ozu were influential in India.

There had been instances of friendship and exchange 

of thoughts between Japanese thinker Okakura 

Tenshin and Indian writer the Nobel laureate 

Rabindranath Tagore, Okakura Tenshin and Bengali 

poet Priyamvada Banerjee. 

India had extended her support to Japan when after 

World War II in 1951 owing to the concerns over 

constraints imposed on Japanese sovereignty and her 

independence India refrained from attending San 

Francisco Peace conference . Official and diplomatic 

relation was established with Japan after India and 

Japan signed a peace treaty in 28 April 1952 in which 

India waived off all reparation claims against Japan. 

This treaty was one of the first treaties signed with 

Japan in her favour after World War II. Economic, 

diplomatic and technical relations were established 

between India and Japan. Indian's supply of iron ore 

helped Japan to rebuild her infrastructural industry 

and thereby her economy and thus greatly aided in 

her recovery after world war II . Japan on the 

other hand had become the largest donor of aide for 

India and till today remains so. Japan is one of the 

largest ODA (Official Development Assistance) 

facilitator of India. As on 30th November, 2015, sixty 

five projects are under implementation with Japanese 

loan assistance. Coordial relations between the two 

countries include but are not limited to Air service,

culture and heritage, economic ties, commerce, 

cooperation in the field of science and technology, 

student exchange programme etc.

A few aspects of Indo-Japanese synergies are ,the 

abundance of human capital in India complementing 

the abundance of monetary capital but paucity of 

human capital in Japan;India's efficiency in software 

sector lending synergy to the hardware sector of 

Japan; large domestic market of India  factoring in 

for investment in fields like automobiles and auto 

parts and different machineries.

Examples of Indo-Japanese economic ties are CEPA 

and DMIC, both of which merit a separate mention 

with respect to close relationship between India and 

Japan.

CEPA or Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement: This agreement was signed between India and Japan on 16th February 2011 and was brought into effect in 

the month of August of 2011 itself. In addition to accelerating business activities this agreement aimed at elimination of tariff on 90 percent of imports in India

by Japan while eliminating tariff on 97 percent of exports to Japan from India. While Japanese exports to India are products such as auto parts and electric appliances Indian exports to Japan are petroleum ,agricultural and fishery, gems and jewellery, ferroalloys, inorganic/organic chemicals etc. 

DMIC or Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor:- The two 

countries had agreed to collaborate on DMIC project. 

The developmental scheme of DMIC included 

construction of one 4000 megawatt power plant, 

six-lane intersection free expressway, six airports, 

three ports and a high speed freight-line and 

development of nine industrial zones. 

Nuclear energy is a key component to cut down carbon

emission and with that aim in view civil nuclear deal is 

another aspect where cooperation between India and 

Japan is on the increase. During the very recent visit 

of Japanese prime minister Mr. Shinzo Abe to India in 

December 2015, an agreement on civil nuclear energy 

cooperation was signed which according our prime 

minister Mr. Narendra Modi is a shining symbol of a 

new level of mutual confidence aimed towards a 

peaceful and secure world. Japan has committed to 

substantial cooperation of India's first bullet train and 

investment of $12 billion in India by the Japanese

companies. 

An agreement on sharing of technology , equipment and

military information was also signed. Japan's regular 

participation in Malabar series of exercises held 

primarily between Indian and US was also positively 

determined. Talks are going on for  acquisition of 

Japanese amphibious aircraft US-2 made by 

ShinMaywa industries of Japan. 

All the above details emphasizes on the age old 

cooperation between the two countries for centuries

fulfilling each other's socioeconomic needs in a very 

peaceful and mutually synergized manner .

The recent developments between India and Japan 

comes at a time when China is making her claims over 

the South China Sea, Senkaku Islands , hard 

transgressing the LAC thereby trying to encroach and 

occupy Indian territory by the inches, supporting

Pakistan in thwarting India's claim in the NSG and 

arming her as well,building dams in PoK which belongs to India without India's consent, is increasingly becoming aggressive in the IOR and South China sea with her claims over 

the natural resources.

The size of China’s national defence budget has more 

than doubled over the past five years and has grown 

approximately 30 times over the past 24 years. The 

primary focus is on the modernization of Chinese air 

force and navy. In 1990 China had 55 surface combat 

ships out of which 16 were big ships of 3000 tons of 

load displacement but, by 2012 the number of big

ships had increased to 55 taking the total number to 78.

Big ships are capable of operating in a wider area than 

small ships. Till date China possesses 10 nuclear

 submarines as well. It can be concluded that China’s 

aggressive assertiveness in the West Pacific and in the

Indian Ocean brings to the fore her expansionist policy in Asia which merits for a strong

cooperation between the affected nations both 

militarily and economically. India and Japan with their 

age old cultural exchanges and peaceful coexistence are

natural candidates to fill the power vacuum in Asia and 

counter the aggressive assertiveness of China.While 

Japan is a technological giant in nearly every aspect

of modern era her self imposed constraint of 

maintaining a miniscule defence force post world war II

 may have emboldened Chinese ambitions in the South

 China Sea.In recent times China has become highly 

assertive in her claims over Senkaku islands and 

aggrressive in her patrols in the IOR. India with her big 

naval force (currently approximately 32 big ships) and with the navy fighter jets have a great potential to become a security 

provider in the IOR which eventually also forms the 

route of supply of energy resources for Japan on which 

she heavily depends. India's restraint of use of military

 power has enabled her to gain a position of immense 

trust among peace loving nations. Indian forces had 

been largely reactive and had been involved primarily 

in peacekeeping operations. Owing to Japanese shift 

towards arms export from April 2014 ,thereby departing

from the self-imposed arms export ban, agreements

 concerning transfer of defence equipment and 

technology were signed during the last visit of 

Japanese Prime minister Mr. Shinzo Abe to India thus 

opening a new chapter between India and Japan in defence cooperation. This cooperation involves

carrying out of joint research, development and 

production projects. Japan had been earmarked as a 

priviledged partner in defence projects by our defence 

minister Mr. Manohar Parrikar.

As a joint venture project to start with India and Japan 

can coproduce the US-2 amphibious seaplane in India

and India can absorb two squadrons, one for the navy 

and another for the air force, which will only enhance

the blue water capabilities of Indian navy and will add

a marine wing to the IAF. The distribution of the 

amphibious aircraft between the two forces will have 

strategic importance in enabling them to support each 

other during crunch situations and facilitate in relatively

 easy maintenance of the aircraft due to divided 

workload for the same. With Japan already progressing 

impressively in their quest for building their first fifth 

generation aircraft and India cooperating with Russia 

to obtain her own, future and present Indo-Japan joint areal  war games can become a huge learning venture for 

air operations against a common adversary in the form

 of China. The prospect of civil and defence related 

co-operations between India and Japan is likely to 

augur into greater strategic partners and their joint 

operations can be a huge balancing factor in the 

containment of unjust aggression by the 

expansionist countries and become a force to be 

reckoned in the IOR.

Written By Debojyoti Kumar